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Chorea
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Chorea

The chorea syndrome is characterized by short, fast, involuntary jerks occurring in single muscles, random and producing various patterns of movements. At first the peripheral portions of the extremities are involved and the proximal portions follow. Involuntary jerks of the facial muscles produce grimacing. A combination of choreiform and (distal) dystonic movements is termed choreoathetosis.

Huntington disease, an autosomal dominant disorder, is the best-known cause of chorea

Others include hereditary diseases (e. g., neuroacanthocytosis, and benign hereditary chorea) and neurodegenerative diseases (e. g., Alzheimer disease, multisystem atrophy). Secondary chorea may be caused by infections (e. g., Sydenham’s chorea due to streptococcal infection; herpes encephalitis, toxoplasmosis), vascular disease (e. g., lupus erythematosus, stroke), brain tumor, drug therapy (e. g., estrogen, neuroleptic drugs), or old age (senile chorea).

Spasmodic torticollis and torsion dystonia

These are the most important types of dystonia syndromes. In both diseases there are usually alterations within the putamen and the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus and in other extrapyramidal nuclei (pallidum, substantia nigra, and others).



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